Educational information only. INNERSTANDIN does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment, establish an individual cause or risk, or replace qualified clinical care. Read the full boundary →

    Operations / Specialty 04

    Heart & circulation

    Follow blood flow and electrical signals. Explore procedures for the heart, arteries, the aortic valve and heart rhythm.

    Education, not personal advice. Discuss decisions and recovery with your clinical team. For urgent, severe or worsening symptoms, seek appropriate medical support.

    The collection / 09 available

    Explore the guides

    Choose a procedure to explore the biology, options, risks, recovery and questions for your care team.

    01 /Coronary artery bypass surgeryCoronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)Understand why coronary bypass may be recommended, how grafts restore a route for blood to the heart muscle, the alternatives, risks and recovery.02 /Coronary angioplasty and stentsPercutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)Understand why coronary arteries narrow, how angioplasty and stents work, the choices and risks, and what recovery and ongoing medicines can involve.03 /Aortic valve replacementSurgical aortic valve replacement or transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)Understand adult aortic valve disease, surgical replacement and TAVI, the choices around a new valve, and recovery and follow-up.04 /Pacemaker implantationPermanent cardiac pacemaker implantationUnderstand the heart’s electrical system, why a pacemaker may be offered, the procedure, recovery and living with an implanted device.05 /Implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantationImplantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantationUnderstand dangerous heart rhythms, why an ICD may be offered, device choices and what to expect from implantation, shocks, recovery and follow-up.06 /Cardiac catheter ablationCatheter ablation for cardiac arrhythmiasUnderstand the heart’s electrical circuits, why catheter ablation may be offered for an irregular rhythm, the alternatives, risks, recovery and follow-up.07 /Abdominal aortic aneurysm repairAdult abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repairUnderstand abdominal aortic aneurysms, screening and surveillance, emergency and planned repair, the trade-offs between open surgery and EVAR, and the follow-up each can involve.08 /Carotid endarterectomyCarotid endarterectomy (CEA)Understand carotid artery narrowing, stroke and TIA warning signs, the evidence behind surgery and stenting, and what preparation and recovery can involve.09 /Leg artery bypass surgeryLower-limb peripheral arterial bypass graftingExplore how a bypass reroutes blood around a narrowed leg artery, when it may be considered, the alternatives, graft choices, risks and recovery.

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    Related pathways

    These links provide context for further exploration. Site links are not clinical evidence.